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SHORTHAND MADE EASY. 



A SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM 



ENGLISH STENOGRAPHY 



ON THE PRINCIPLES OF W. STOLZE, 

BY PROF. G. MICHAELIS. 

Revised and adapted for use in Scliools and 
Self-instruction, 



WITH SIXTEEN ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES, 



• I, 5 S. KAUFMANS.— F. BUEHLER. 

1° 



John Polhemus, 102 Nassau Street, cor. Ann. 

1877. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1877, by S. Kaufmann, 
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



^ 



\ , *y 



V" 



PREFACE. 



In presenting this book to the public, the undersigned are com- 
plying with the wishes of many, who have for a long time desired to 
become familiar with the system of Stohe — Michaelis. 

The book of Dr. G. Michaelis, " Shorthand Made Easy, Berlin, 
1873," is precise enough for those who have made themselves pro- 
ficient with Stolze's Gen nan Stenography, but for the great mass 
of English-speaking people, not acquainted with that work, it 
would not be plain enough, nor complete. 

This work, in its present improved state, will be welcome to 
teacher and scholar. It being divided in regular lessons, together 
with reading and writing exercises, it is plain enough even for 
self-instruction. Another improvement has been made by impart- 
ing most of the abbreviations, or word signs, gradually, enabling 
the scholar to commit them to memory by degrees. 

New York, August, 1877. 

For the New York Phonographical Society. 



Sam'l Kaufviaxn, 
Care Chas. S. Higgins & Co., 
76 Wall street, 



FRANZ BlTEHLER, 

Care N. Y. Dispatch, 

11 Frankfort street. 



Any communication in regard to this work addressed to either 
of above will receive prompt attention. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Stenography or shorthand is the art of writing as fast as an or- 
ator speaks. It is principally used to take verbatim reports of 
public speeches, sermons, law proceedings, lectures, &c. : but it 
is also extremely well suited for the practical purposes of every 
day life, such as writing letters, making notes and extracts, keep- 
ing accounts, and composition. ' It is capable of affording so many 
advantages, not only to students, literary men, lawyers and journal- 
ists, but to every one in almost every situation of life, and affords 
such a facility in the acquisition of learning, and such assistance in 
intellectual pursuits, that a scientific, and, at the same time, prac- 
tical system of it should always form an indispensable branch of 
the education of youth. The numerous claims which are at pres- 
ent made upon the time and the ability of the scholar and the stu- 
dent, are, of themselves, a special reason why they should be 
taught a method, which, not only in their studies, but in their fu- 
ture occupations, would economize their time and labor. 

The time required for learning this system, compared with that 
demanded for other studies, is insignificant. Although the talent 
and industry of the pupils are different, a competent teacher 
should be able to impart a thorough knowledge of this system in 
20 lessons; greater freedom and rapidity will, of course, be acquired 
by more extended practice in reading and writing. 

A good system of shorthand must be capable of being easily 
written with the speed of a fluent orator, and of being read after 
any length of time with the certainty and ease of ordinary long- 
hand, by any one who has learned the system. Besides, it must 
be accessible to every one who has acquired at least the most 
necessary elementary knowledge, for none should be debarred 
from enjoying the benefits of this beautiful art. 

These results are obtained in this system by the following 
means : 



VI 

(1) The words are generally written according to their pronuncia- 
tion, but in order to increase the clearness we shall make some 
orthographical distinctions, 

(2) Every simple sound is represented by a simple character. 

(.3) The vowels are for the most part expressed not by particular 
letters, but by the position and the stress of the consonant 
characters. 

(4) Some words and some secondary syllables of frequent occur- 
rence are abbreviated. 
The celebrated inventor of the most excellent system of Ger- 
man shorthand, Wilhelm Stolze of Berlin., resumes the most im- 
portant principles of his method in the following words : 

"A system of shorthand which is to serve at the same time for 
correspondence and commerce must be precise, that is to say : it 
must perfectly render the sound of every word. But this is only 
the case when the letters which are dropped for the sake of brev- 
ity can be immediately restored in reading. Therefore the sound 
must always be rendered by the letter, and the omitted letter 
must be supplied by the rule." 



N. B. — Although the Shorthand Alphabet is placed at the head 
of the practical part of this work, it is not necessary for the 
scholar to study the same, as all the characters are taught in de- 
tail by each advancing lesson. 



Shorthand Alphabet. 



§1. Our shorthand characters are simple signs borrowed from 
the characters of ordinary writing, and in order to obtain a suffi- 
cient number of simple characters, we give them different dimen- 
sions. The height of the current letter n is taken as the unity of 
measure, and the shorthand characters have either simple or double 
height. Smaller characters are in general called half height char- 
acters. For horizontal characters we distinguish simple and double 
length. 

§ 2. The vowels are represented by half height characters. 

The simple (short) vowels i, a, 11, are represented by three ori- 
ginally distinct signs ; e and o are represented by thin characters 
which agree in their figures with the signs of a and u. The vowel 
ail is represented by a thick stroke sloping from the left to the 
right. The shorthand character of the vowel y is a composition 
of two i's. 

The signs of the long vowels and diphthongs i, e, a, 0, 00, 11, 
Oil, oi are compound or derivated from the signs of the short and 

simple vowels. 

The auxiliaries may supply the place of the vowels according 
to certain rules. 

§ '3. Consonants. 

(1) Liquids, r and 1 have received similar signs, namely, the 
circle, r of half height, and 1 of simple height ; ill and li have a 
principal and an auxiliary sign ; the sign of ng is similar to the 
auxiliary sign of n, but of simple height and thickened. 



(2) Rigids. The labials w, wh, v, f, b, p, ph are represented 
by characters curved towards the left hand ; the dentals dh, th, 
0, Z, S, d, t, zh, sh, j (dzh), ch (tsh) have different intermediate 
forms ; the palatals j, ch, g, k, and the laryngal h, are curved 
towards the right hand. The soft sounds have in general higher 
signs than the corresponding sharp ones. — s has a principal and 
an auxiliary sign. 

(3) Some compound consonants of frequent occurrence are like- 
wise represented by simple letters : mb, mp, nc, nj, nch, ilk, 
st, qu, x, ct, xt. 

St has a principal and an auxiliary sign. 



II. Monosyllables and Principal Syllables. 

§ 4. The first syllable of a word which has no prefix, or the 
first syllable after the prefix we call the principal syllable of the 
word. 

§ 5. In a syllable, the consonants which precede the vowel are 
called initial consonants, the consonants which follow the vowel 
are called final consonants. The vowel itself may be either initial, 
medial, or fined. 

A. Medial Vowels. 

§ 6. The connecting stroke of simple or double length is the 
general means of representing the medial vowel ; in the first it is 
called close, in the second it is called wide connection. The ini- 
tial consonant is either light (thin), or heavy (thick, shaded); 
either on, below, or above the line, according to the following- 
schemes : 

Close Conn. : ~._~ e a - a o 

o u u u o 

Wide Conn.: 1 5L_i._-.a- 

o 00 



Pa#el- 8 



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J 



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L 1 peel, fecp. 



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LESSON I. 

Consonants : b, p, d, t, f v, m, r, I- 

Vowel i: bit, bid, bib, dip, tip, p it, fit, mid, dim, rip, Up, fir. 

Vowel e: beat, bead, peel, tear, dear, deep, fear, feel, read, rear. 

Vowel e: fed, bed, deaf, dead, red, led, bet. 

Vowel T: file, rime, life, light, type. 

Word Signs: the, is, in. 

Writing Exercise 1. 

LESSON II. 

Consonants: Jc, g, JST, n, S, s. 

Vowel a: nap, bam, Iced, cat, bag, rap, (all, bar, far). 

Vowel a: pair, fail, care, made, 7iame, main, sail, raise. 

Vowel o: log, top, mob, love,- god, docl: 

Vowel o: lobe, poke, rogue, rove, mole, toll, dome. 

Vowel y: hym, pym. 

Vowel u: fume, pure, dupe, duke, lure, muse, fuse. 

Word Signs: did, you, your, and, 1. 

Writing Exercise 2. 

LESSON III. 

Consonants: w,wh, h, st. 

Vowel u: dust, fur, bud, cur, {bull, bush, good). 

Vowel oo : mood, stoo]), hoof , fool, doom,. 

Vowel au: Paul, caught, bawl, wrought, call' [ball, Wall). 

Vowel ou: loud, noun, howl, pout, sour. 

Vowel oi: foil, doit, moist, boil, toil. 

Word Signs: it, his, this. 

§ 7. Remarks.!. When it is desirable to distinguish all from 
a and 66 from u, the final consonant is placed half a step higher 
(half, bush). When ail is sufficiently indicated by the following- 
consonant, as in ball, bald, halt, it may be expressed like a. 

2. a in such words as wash, swamp, quadrat, is better expressed 
by a than o. 

3. The vowel modifications heard in fir, her, mar, care, cord, 
door, fir, are expressed like i, e,, a, a, 0, 0, 11. 

4. All diphthongs, except i, oi. Oil, 11, are treated as two dis- 
tinct vowels. 

Writing Exercise 3. 



IP 

LESSON IV. 

Consonants: y, x, c, z, ng, nk, nd, nt : year, yean; fix, six, 
mix ; ceal, piece ; zeal, zone ; ring, song ; rink, link ; find, fond, 
land ; want, hunt. 

Final t: site, might, fit, feat, fight, bit, beat. 

Initial and Final th: think, thill, thing, thine, thief, youth, 

moth, father, mother. 

§8. 1. Initial r and I are drawn upward; final r and I visually downward, as in rear, love, 
whole. 

2. The principal form of n is used initially, the auxiliary form finally ; the principal form used 
finally represents nt, thickened nd : nun, want, wand. 

3. The principal form of s is used initially; finally it indicates the sharp sound; the auxili- 
ary form used finally indicates the soft sound (s=z) : sir, gas, case. 

4. Auxiliary s is then used to form the plural and is drawn back, when following a letter 
curved at the stem (b, p, f, m, &c). 

5. When forming- the particular syllable of es, it is lengthened, as in: kisses, misses, &c. 

6. Auxiliary s is also used to form the Saxon Genitive: Kid's (of the kid), hen's (of the 
hen), &c. 

7. It is further used to form the 3d person of the present tense singular,— He lives, lie 
needs, &c. 

8. Final n, z and the auxiliary form of s after an, ou are drawn down: noun, house. 

9. Final t may be drawn upward in double length, inclined for the long connection (after 
an, on it must be drawn downward): but, fat, foot, light. 

10. Sharp final th may be drawn upward, inclined for the long connection: moth, breath, 
youth; also soft th in words ending in ther : father, brother, (brethren). 

Word Signs : for, of. that, there (their). 

Writing Exercise 4. 

LESSON V. 

Conson. : sh, j & g, ch, mb, nip, ng, nch, ne, qn, ph, ell, ct, xt 
Sll : shin, ship, fish, wish ; j & g : jest, jail, gin, gem, page ; ch : 
chip, chat, leach ; ml) & Hip timber, limber, hemp, samp ; ng I 
change, hinge; nch : bench, stanch; nc: hence, lance; qu: quite, 
queer, quack ; ph ; phere, phare ; ch : loch, Koch ; ct : sect, fact ; 
xt : text, next. 

§ 9. Remarks. 1. Final consonants are doubled by thickening 
their signs : burr, bell, mumm, Glynn, pebble, apple, buzz, bass, add, 
matter, dagger, thick flaccid. Where the duplication is not 
necessary for the sound, it maybe omitted : (bur, bel, &c). 

2. dj, tchj pphj tth, cell may be represented by thickening 
the signs of j 5 ch, ph, th, ch : lodge, retch, tiappho, Matthew, 
bacchic. 

Word Signs : our, with, on. 

Writing Exercise 5. 






JM&L 



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■ ^ - ^ »■■ — s, iM /r/ - *-, , nr/ - ^ < % 



niy. f,, dy. 2 <*~ f- ^ ■ ?- L .- &\. 



e/ 



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11 



LESSON VI. 
B. Consonant Combinations. 

§ 10. Combined consonants must be connected in a manner 
that no vowel can be read between them. To accomplish this, 
the first consonant is placed higher. An exception is made with 
r and 1, which are combined in the most convenient manner. 

1. When r or 1 follows a sign which is curved towards the bot- 
tom, it is written within the curve :ff,fl,vjr, wV, br, bl 7 pr, pi, thr, 
shr, ntr, nth 

Fresh, flesh, bring, blind, proud, pla/nk, thread, shrine, winter, 
mantle. 

2. When r or 1 follows a stem which is straight at the bottom, 
it is written on the left of the stem, a little above the line of 
writing: sr, si, str, dr, tr, gr, kr, gl, hi. 

Slap, string, drive, tramp, grain, crawl, clique, gloom. 

3. r or 1 preceding a sign hooked at the top towards the left, is 
written within the hook: rh, rl, rm, ru, rz, rg, rk, rx, Im, In, Ig, Iz, Ik. 

Rhine, girl, harm, helm, churn, furz, Berg, park, marx, balz. 

4. In all other cases r and 1 are drawn upward and placed 
higher than the succeeding consonant: rv, rf, rb, rp, rth, rs, rst, rd, 
rt, rzh, rsh, rj, rch, Iv, If, Is, Id, It, Ith, etc. 

Curve, serf, verb, harp, course, thirst, part, lard, large, parch, 
silver, bald, belt, wealth. 

5. When s is the first letter (except in sn, sz, sr, si, when s has 
the sharp sound) the small form is used: sf, sm, sw, sph, sb, sp, sk, 
squ, sd, si. 

Sneer, sphere, smell, swine, spxire, scare, square, slime. 

6. In all other cases the first letter is written higher than the 
succeeding one: run, ms, mst, mps, mpt, nv, nf, nst, nz, nx, ngw, nqu, 
bd, ps, pt, thw, die, tm, tw, tz, gm, gw, gh. 

Teamster, glimpse, tempt, minster, bronze, lynx, pjsalm, wept, 
dwarf, thwick, twin, quartz. 

7. t and th as last letters may be written upward : craft, slept, 
hurt; north, warmth, wealth, fifth, depth. 

8. Remark the initial 11: Llan, Lloyd. 
Word signs: some, very, has, not, into. 

Writing Exercise 6. 



12 

LESSON VII. 
C. Vowels. 
i, e, a o, u, au, y, 

I, e, a, 6, oo, u, ou, oi. 

D. Final Vowels. 

§11. The fine initial consonant placed above the line represents 
e, on the line I, below the line 6. The thickened initial consonant 
represents above the line ti, on the line a, below the line 00. — ah, 
au, OU are represented literally. For oi and other diphthongs the 
first vowel is indicated symbolically, and the following literally. 
Examples : 

e: me, we, free, knee, plea, tea, key. 
u : due, hue, fete, spew. 
T: wry, my, by, thy, dry, nigh, vie, die. 
a: ray, lay, may, day, 'weigh, neigh, pray (prey), they, 
o: lo, so, woe, foe, know, blow, dough, though. 
oo : rue, true, do, to, who, brew, grew, you. 
ah: pa, ma, ha, baa. 
au: law, gnaw, draw, taw, pshaw, craw. 
oi: boy, joy, coy. 

ou: now, brow, prow, how, thou, plough. 
Word Signs: full, here, where. 

Writing Exercise 1. 

LESSON VIII. 

E. Initial Vowels. 

§ 12. i, e, are represented by the short initial stroke, e, T, 6 
by the long initial stroke, combined with the proper position of 
these vowels. The other initial vowels are represented literally 
(ti above the line), but when a or u precedes two consonant stems, 
a connecting stroke is used and the first consonant shaded. For 
oi, o is written literally on the line and the consonant put half a 
step higher. 
Examples. 

i : if, ill, imp, inn, inch,, ink. 
e: eke, JEve, eat, each, ease, eel, een (e'en). 
e : err, ebb, egg, herb, earth. 
I : He, ice, ire, idle. 
o : odd, off, oft, ort, ore. 
o : ode, old, ore, own, oak, oath. 
a : add, act, ant (aunt), ask, alp, arch. 
a : ape, ache, aid, aim, air (heir). 

u : utter, usher, umber, urge, urn. oo : ouphe, ooze, ousel. 
i"i : use, (to) use, tire. oi : oil, oint, oyster. 

au : auln, awl, aivk, ought. ou: ounce, oust, owl, our. 

E. Solitary Vowels. 
§ 13. Words only consisting of vowels are written literally : I 
(eye), a, o (owe), awe, ewe, ay. 

Word Signs : never, all, will, him, at, us. 
Writing Exercise 8. 



forJWvels see .Piatt 1 

Its son III Jinal Powers . 

/Z; / j e t 



^7 



£l 



? c e y ■ 7 / 



Ln'.?'l,/ t'jt. 



HI 



TTU-t-J 6/ ?■ 



'//,.' /./, 4/ Jr. /v. 



C/.' o O ? / 1 J / / 



j2&: 



o. / / /-J7- 
&,/A;£K A V\ A A'<A 



ot / e - 



Z) ^X 



j2^Z. 



^A» fo\ 



/a <?\ M ^y\ 



till I , h ere D ; wArr^ ,f. /ferieti/^a/trererse 






.< *■ ^ 



^ 



r2 



/ 



iZ. 



/£ ^ .7^ 



Initial Jewels. 






<f 



Zess&nW. 



L^ 



i O 



\-£ 



■#-. '/? ^t -^ -■/ 



e. 



^//^ Z 



jZ/ 



/ 



M^42—^4L^3l-^ 



(1L 



0/ 






/ 



f x/ / -X r. »■ -^ 



i^l 



v^/c v-^Vt? V 



j£ 



J- gfr' w / v^C\_. v^-^9 



^.- v 



uzll_^_^^_^ 



i£^ 



■ V-\, w _A 



«? \/7 



/#y. \/f \y \a 



Z2__X 



Solit ary F owds: .-' ,, ., ^ ~ ,s . _ newr-^.all-o, mil- °. 



l ^7 / /I? 



J 



7 



7 Z " 



76 



7 s/r>~^. 3 



s/ ^ 



'J^. i J ? el 



, -t / 



J> C v / 






ry/ ^p 



ZessonJJZ Secon dary Syllable s . 



Z, ></, ,", 2^ f os? t ..M ^t i,., ^,x ^i 



.^■■. , Z: ^ . ?& , . .-.. . /?.. . U- 






Z: ZZ. fry. ^. /^ ,. 



■ ?A_. ,, .?//./Z^.?-^. .^Z./^ /fy.-rrtrrffr/ 



'a/^' 7 ' V// "Z 



Z^]Z° 



>-j&0 ; 'j : f>t>' : '- 



: '& J&*; ::'^ 



M£±Jk.- °z i^r;, ;^z 



afte r^io, mey-Z ffad-Z , ,?nn?.s:.= . fa- u . 
ffttoj***. fcr#rrZ*Z(<6^ j/J, zfc-JL , ; #, 



^ s> rCf Z 



7^3 
^ Z <• ^ . ^ .. ^V7 , ,,, C/£^ , .s* n *. 



_- y ^-^ 

— ,/y — ^ u> — ^ — ^ — * ^ — 



s 



Z, f^/s. a ? etf >: fT* yi^ . z^r ^ ez^ 



°"£l'./^. P. . O/^r, iCf/. fin^ / 



^ "" ' ' ''MZZ/ Z-7 



f 



~rp7 



^--iZ- / ^ s Z&d^Lte^ 









r^~ 7- ■ t^» 



13 
LESSON IX. 

III. Secondary Syllables. 

§ 14. In polysyllables which are not evidently compounded of 
two or more principal syllables, all the syllables which follow the 
principal syllable are called secondary syllables ; these are always 
considered as beginning with a vowel,/", i. met-al, ar-en-a, ac-erb, 
go-ing, cist-em. 

§ 15. The line of writing of the last preceding letter is regarded 
as the starting point for the next syllable ; for 1 the line of writing- 
is where that letter ends ; it is therefore sometimes convenient to 
draw final 1 upward. x 

§ 16. Secondary syllables only consisting of vowels are written 
literally. Short i and unaccented e before a literal vowel may 
be expressed by placing that vowel higher : rabi, Hebe, trustee, 
guinea, lama, Judea, bashaw, hero, Hindoo, issue, area, Ohio. 

§ 17. The vowels which precede a consonant are generally in- 
dicated by the relative position (beside, above or below, the pre- 
ceding letter) and the stress of the following consonant, accord 
to the following schemes : 

Close Conn, i 1 1^ e a 

o ii 

Wide Conn. : _ii.jA_I_.__a 

6 ii 

Examples : 

i : nadir, martyr, muslin, foreign, sovereign, Britain, alibi, 
Egypt, tortoise, axis, Moses, marriage, transit, circuit, 
antic, benzoic. 

e: monster, youngster, proper, centre, colonel, traveler, even, 
essence, bracelet, frequent, prebend. 

I: vampire, gentile, divine, chastise, modernize, ignite. 
a: madam, Roman, cad aver, parables, carat, opaque, asphalt, 
sextant, brigand, canvass. 

a: curtail, champaign, octave, agate, migrate. 

ie: glazier, crosier, spaniel, alien, lawyer, series, orient. 

ia: medial, social, nuptial, banian, radiance, Iliad. 

la: variable, foliage, opiate. 
Word Signs : after, they, had, some, be. 
Writing Exercise, 9. 



14 

LESSON X. 

o : labor, taylor, senior, reason, cosmos, fagot, morose, matross, 
aorta, iota. 

11 (66) : murmur, Argus, august, cherub, sirup, eunuch, quad- 
ruple, mogul, gerund. 

u : nebule, gesture, bitumen, fortune, acute, fortitude. 

Monsoon, cartoon, bassoon, amour, cartouch y carouse ; 
benzoin, deltoid; serene, antique, axes. 

§ 18. e (when it must be distinguished from i), au^ OU^ 00^ oi 
are expressed literally ; oi may he designed like oi. Before such 
consonants the shading of which denotes a compound or double 
consonant, the vowel must be written literally ; but generally one 
may as well omit one of the double consonants. 

The literal vowel is generally placed higher than the succeed- 
ing consonant, like those consonants which precede other con- 
sonants. 

t after a symbolical vowel in secondary syllables must be drawn 
down. 

§ 19. When a secondary vowel follows an open principal syllable, 
it will be represented literally, or, if possible, symbolically ; the 
long vowels of the principal syllables are in this case indicated by 
the long connecting stroke. 

Examples : 

piano, piaster, piazza, theatre, Theodore, create, diet, brier, 
hyena, bias, dryad, miasm, riot, lion, myope, diurnal, naiad, chaos, 
kaolin, Noel, poet, goer, boa, Croat, stowage, buoy, Lewis, ruin, 
cruel, duel, drawer, bowel, prowess, eolian, aerial. 

§ 20. If one of the dental consonants z^ S> C 5 (1, t, precedes an 
unaccented i followed by another vowel, as f. i. : ier, ient, ience, 
ial, ious, eons, ual, uate, ure, ule, une, etc., it is generally changed 
into the sound zll or sh, but this alteration of sound will for the 
most part better be left unexpressed in shorthand. 

Word Signs : are, more, cannot, these. 

Writing Exercise 10. 



Eage J4. 



EIL, 



lesson X j¥ecoftda/rj$y//a$lc& (continued) 






et/Soj: .. M , ■?, Vf, &?**■■ -7, ^ /; U-> 






<c 



^ 



"6 



+~i?z^^ '"7 ■' ov"/' 



Z^- 



7V^- , /J<-^; ,y?^, I??*-?; 2S^ ; 



+ ^— , ^"7, 



yiLi. 



— ^ 



v° 



. ^ -^ s ^T. 



^ 



^ 



^ ^j^y^^z^ , p -f^-o^ j p^ 



*& 



,v<*f/ />;'" •?- 



"^7 ^ 



P f ' &." €> / 









d&rif - * , m/)r/?= , rw/Win^ z, r m*>.r*> - 



Jfeadrlngr F:rerr/w : v/ ; ^ , ^/ . \ JK> , ^ ■ \ } 



im~ 



U-, rf , ?/^ } & > , / , ?^C f o^, : Jk/> 



/ 



<7 



74^,, /^s^. .,9^ y tts—tsj^tLj <£^n , < . n n 



.htf 



a^, ? 



lz=,^_^zz_^^__^^l^ 



17?~T S 



A 



/ ° &4- s&o^ * V - 



^ 



S 



a 



O 



"(77' 



cy^ 



. ; 4. 



j^JZ 



o 6 






o 



? 



AZ_ jzl € so I J 



~S~7~rz 



-j- 



7^ 












7 



j/\ & 



i/ h . 






S J r 






£e#sanJ7 Su ffixes. 



, r-4\ \ ^ /2 l ■ Z^^^i_irf2^2 



;y°^ ■ w -^,^( ■ ^ ■»■&.> w>^- mfi ^4 



—Q : ./? ■ .<? , _-*. . r/ £,r,r*^ J. 






■esZi, y°. 



/ 07/ 00./ 6,^ 



^ ^ ^ , ^ ■ z£^^, ■ t* £ J*sM 



^■oJ /cf >.„ J ^> ^"^^^ »S * 



/-v-X 



//£< P&K-tJ//, "Ad j/j ^/ __^^_£sj_ 



: §?^ ^ '-M^:/L// : A^ &:&* i/1 . 



§25. : "^ v O^C ^, 4 ? -^ ^ - +JdinifflL JkiiLL 



v r? ,, , M Cos/ 6* ^^^j^zJ^.^/J 

WfS €// ML ^ 






^7 ^^7 2- 



g / ^ *l^S2/i^?~/w j >> ^LZ^_ Lzd 



tA^ ir / '{?-<,,,& V. /Z / A-4^.. . 1; 7, 



15 

LESSON XL 
Suffixes. 
§21. Some terminations frequently occurring are represented 
by abbreviations, called suffixes. The signs of the suffixes are im- 
mediately annexed to the principal syllable. Only a few suffixes 
(less, fold, some, ship, dom) are disjoined. 

-y: study, army, baby, anatomy, Harry, whisky, story, 
snowy, beauty, faculty, brevity, piety, flexibility, society, 
moiety. 

-ion: mixtion, mention, question, petition, citation, execu- 
tion. 

-ing: reading \ going. 

-ly : yearly, truly, daily, sweetly, sloioly, jollily, coyly. 

-ment, — al: movement, complement, ornamental, ornaments. 

-ness: goodness, drunkenness, 'evenness. — head: godhead. 

-hood: childhood, knighthood, hardihood. 

less: heedless, heedlessness. 

fold: twofold, threefold. — some: darksome. 

ship: lordship, worship, worshipper. 

dom: kingdom. 

Flexions. 

§22. For s of flexion the auxiliary sign of s is used, drawn 
back, when preceded by a hooked letter; for es when forming a 
particular syllable, the auxiliary sign of s is lengthened. For st 
of flexion the auxiliary sign of st is used, s and st of flexion af- 
ter a long final vowel receive the wide connection and a higher 
position. 

needs, plays, times, saves, church's, churches, 
speatfst, darest, wicked? st. 
§ 23. ed the termination of the past tense and perfect participle, 
whenever e is mute, may be written like d: 

loved, folloioed, filed, filled, marred, signed, melted, bowed, 
gnawed, enjoyed, fancied. 
§ 24. Distinguish the shortened forms from the full ones: 

quickening, quickening ; bower, bov?r; generous, generous; 
wanderer, loancVrer. 
§ 25. Indistinct unaccented vowels of the secondary syllables 
may often be omitted.. 

evil, labor, centre, vowel. 
Word Signs : him, whom, than, then. 

Writing Exercise 11. 



16 

LESSON XII. 
Prefixes. 
§ 26. Some particles which frequently occur as the first part of 
compound words, are written as prefixes. 

A prefix which cannot be confounded with an initial letter will 
be connected with the principal syllable in the most convenient 
manner; the others ought to receive a position which clearly shows 
the difference. 

§ 27. Some prefixes (principally in, ad, ob, sub, dis) drop or assimi- 
late often their final consonant; they are, however, represented by 
the same character, which is selected so as to exclude every' 
error. 

§ 28. In cases where the initial s of the radical part of the word 
is changed by the infiuence of the preceding prefix into the soft 
sound of s, as in preserve, desert, etc., we may nevertheless employ 
the principal sign of s. 

a (r, 1, m, n, f, p, s, d, t, g, c) : arise, amend, apace, acknowledge, 
alike, ago, across, ascend, arrear, allure, ammunition, annex, 
affix, appear, assist, addition, attend, aggress, accuse. — ab : ab- 
duce, abstain, abscess. — ad: adapt, adventure, adopt. — after : 
afterthought. — be : belief besiege, before. — con, co (r, 1 
m) : convent, correspond, collect, combine, co-operate. — contra: 
contravene. — contro : controvert. — de : defence. — dis, di (f ) : 
dispute, disable, disorder, direct, digest, diffuse. — e : event, 
effect, estate, espy, Esquire, escheat. — em: empale. — en: 
engage. — ex : expulse, excess, exist. — for : forfeit. — fore : 
forehead. — in, i (r, 1, m) : inapt, irradiate, illegal, immerge, 
imbibe [inborn, inroad). — mid: midnight. — mis: mistake, 
mischief. — ob, o (f, p, c) : obstruct, omit, offend, op- 
pose, occur. — out : outlaw, outbreak. — over: overwhelm. 

— per : perplex, peruse. — pre : prefer, present, preserve. — 
pro : provide. — re: relate. — se : seduce. — sub, su (r, f, p, c) : 
subdue, suspect, surreption, suffice, support, succeed, successive. 

— un : undraw, uncouth. — un, uni : unanimous, unigenous 

— under : undertake, underneath. — up : uphold, upwards. — 
with : withdraw, without, within. 

(to before a verb may be treated as prefix). 
Word Signs : every, everybody, be, was, were, most. 
Writing Exercise 12. 



JUjeM FT. 

Zesi'onJTT. Fre fixes. 



A'-,:i ~„~ , W f -'^s'i/j *&'>?■> w > 



t&. 



^.- X, ^ f , ^f f ^,^fic, '&, fr. '^. 









7k-/.>4>A. stircti- £/■,' ^F. 4^-:. /..^ ^ 



T€ 



^ >r- , ^,. -^ - /< -r . £» : ^ -: ^ 



72% 



For- a : ■*{/ fhw- . -^. /n-s : ^// ^^. +&£. 









<^,t/;>. o/tfr-,r,.- ^sa.. Fr~ ,:; <fa* . <^~ .mr-t,/.- 



1*,. <LV; LeV ww- 1. ■ F F. Ft- os.- „(>/,.<!*>. 






c?;cru^ , /, s?j <rsM$/x/y= ,>. Ac -V/;/y.f^ ? /)cm^,, mc)st/ 






^ S^ -,»/^- W, ^', ^ ^ ^ 









s tfv 



-2T HaomM 

i i — — 






S"d,/LL 



* ( ^) 



-. /yfrs yZ, i>^ ,s M. r J^ : ,/A.//* : 



ijj+i^&4 , -jjr^^J^ sr.^J/r/ ^U^^/ f ' -, 









' ' i-y 7 



■i>/~: ~s — ~ ^ -vs 



^x-i^d-LjL 



X 



1 



/>?u ■- v?^/ Q /P . - ^/ o 



"T> 



y A^2 






&t 












s 



17 



LESSON XIII. 



§ 29. One prefix may precede another. 

unbelief] uninformed, irreconcilable, misrepresentation, disem- 
bark. 

§30. The employing of the foreign prefixes is optional, that is 
to say, they are principally used when unaccented. When ac- 
cented, or when they are not easily recognized as such, or when 
no time is saved by writing them as prefixes, they may be written 
as principal syllables. 

illative, imbricate, impact, indicate, industry, intonate, irritate, 
ef'able, eminent, editor, eligible, emperor, engine, examine, example, 
exercise, accent, additive, affix, appetite, apathy, aggravate, ob- 
stacle, offer, reference^ rebel, perfect, preface, present, profit, pros- 
pect, secret, separate, substance, deference, difficult, convent, collect, 
comfort. 

Word Signs: them, self, selves, what. 

Writing Exercise 13. 

LESSON XIV. 

IV. Compound Words. 

§ 31. As for words which clearly contain two or more princi- 
pal syllables, we write separately every part of the composition, 
according to the rules given in the preceding chapters, and place 
them close together. 

Where it is convenient and does not impair perspicuity, the 
parts may be joined. 

short-hand, ship-nail, grass-hopper, toaist-coat, grand- 
father, godlike, man-like, inter-cession, ante-cedent, ultra-mon- 
tane, vice-president, vi-count, semi-colon, pseudo-apostle, cir- 
cumscribe, dys-pepsy, legis-lature, transfer. 
§ 32. For words the composition of which is not perfectly clear 
at first sight, we take the first syllable as the principal syllable of 
the whole word, and write all the succeeding syllables according to 
the rules given for secondary syllables. The same is the case 
when time may be saved in writing in this way. 

neighbor, gospel, purchase, symbol, orthography, philology, 
philosopher, protocol, hyperbolic. 

thirteen, thirteenth, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eigh- 
teen, nineteen. 
Word Signs: at last, as, must, ever. 

Writing Exercise 14. 



18 

LESSON XV. 

V. Abbreviations. 

§33. Some words of frequent occurrence, principally the article 
the pronouns, the prepositions, the conjunctions and the auxiliary 
verbs, are expressed only by one or some of their elements. 

According to the principle of our system, that every word sign 
represents the sound of the corresponding word without any am- 
biguity, every abbreviation must have only one signification. 

§ 34. When a word is represented by its initial or final conson- 
ant, its position and stress generally indicates its principal vowel. 
A : all, alone, already, also, any, anybody, anything, and, and 
so on, &c, after, as, at, at least, at last, at length, along, 
above, about, amid, among, again. B : beside, beyond, be- 
hind, between, but. E I enough, ever, e'er, every, every 
body, every thing, either, extra. F : for, fore, forth, f. i., f * 
ex., full, first. H : him, his, whom, whose, here, her, how- 
ever, howe'er, hundred. I : in, instead, indeed, immediate, it. 
J : general. L : little. M : meter, Mr., Mrs. much, more, 
most. N: never, ne'er, nevertheless, nor, not, notwithstand- 
ing, nobody, nothing, number. : or, ordinary, ordinarily;, 
of, over, other, on, one, only, once, out. P : perhaps. Qn : 
quite. S I self, selves, seldom, several, some, sometime, some- 
body, something, sundry, such, second, since, still, scarce. 
T : together, toward. Th : the, this, these, those, them, 
then, than, thus, their (there), that, thing. U : unless, until, 
under, up, us. Y: very. W: wel(l), with, which, where, 
while, Avhat (whey), whence. Y: yet, y ester, yon, yonder. 
§ 35. Prefixes, secondary syllables, and flexions, may be added 
to word signs and even to prefixes in the same manner as to other 
words. 

generally, contrast, contrary, control, union, unite, middle, 
midst, upon, anon, against. 
[g 36. For the metrical system, deci-, centi ' milli-, deca-, hecto-, 
kilo-, myria-, may be written as prefixes. 

decimeter, centimeter, millimeter, decameter, hectometer, 
kilometer, myriameter; decigramm, beutigramm; liter, decil- 
iter.] 
§ 37. Auxiliary verbs. Their abbreviations are : 

be, been, am, are, art, is, was, wast, were, wert; have, 
hath, has, hast, had; shall, shalt, should, shouldst; will, wilt, 
would; can, cannot, can't, could; may, mayst, mayest, might 
(mighty), must; did. 

Writing Exercise 15. 



B4GE M __ XL. 



^,i* .'V'-tyt.p' 



■ '? F ' J^ a y JL. - 






■ — - y~\ qS 

34Z1 6,. r c ^+Jq+j^l&j v ,, Y": s ..j^-^^- 
T--' '■^^ /; ': ■' . — * — ^r~ 



— y * >; / 



^ LZ_ / ^ /^y V/ y l -, ^_ / «^_^^L._, 

V ^ s ^ 









^zr. 



£*gje M 



4 






^oJA^AAjl^J, 



"$£ 



V ■ y h>. o>*s 



/>, -/ 



:e*d> . ; 



/?/ ; L ■• faf-V j ^° : Y / O; 7C / ^Vv,/,; 



^ W-j- ^22 — / r . ^ / — ^ — ^ 



^ / 



^%-^= 









z^ 



*T 



7 






-ffeactina -Exercises, 



W- 



S./>o/aXr, . " &/£^; ? * e/jr. ,/c. 



f 



4L 



J c 



^ 



"O^ 



T 



>,,:/^^^ > « ,^*2f ^/^ -^,<s? 



^jj^c 



r. y c 



4+ 



c 



--£ k/*,. C£S 



t& 



!&L 



Co 



~y 



s^z 



CC ■ <^ 



^ 



/ 



^Ah 



±. <n-.-- » 7~ 



W 






Z2 7 lfL^^^^24 ^ ^ /> .n/^ 



. ^>v^7 



0-^? 






^z_: 



-£ 



-^lJ Ii^^U 






A^ 



^ 



^ 



f'e^ :•*-%- 



-A . — <; 






-Jf^Kl^^ /^.^ , 



ro^L 



V^ 



&u 



V-^7-V 



^2> 



^-C 



^~ £ 



^ 



(ajD^f / 1 // z^z 



19 

VI. Names and Words of Foreign Languages. 

§ 38. Names, and words of foreign languages maybe written 
either phonetically or literally. The momentaneoirs need must 
here decide which way we must take. Names and foreign words 
written phonetically are treated like other words ; for the literal 
representation of names and foreign sentences, the vowels are 
generally designed like the short i, e, a, 0, 11, y. — e mute is rep- 
resented by the last auxiliary vowel-sign, a (a?), 6 (oe), ii, au, are 
written like ae, oe, ue, aeu. 

Greenwich ; Gloucester; Leicester ; Gray, Grey; Smith, 

Smyth, Smiths/ Read, Reed, Wright; Faraday; Humphrey; 

Gawtress ; Ewell ; Swayne; Beaufort; Esther; Schqfer, 

Mblhr, Muller^ Renter, Raumer, Krduter. 

Quern deus vult perdere, prius dementat. — Vitanda est improba Siren , 
Desidia. 

Martialis epigram ma. 

Currant verba licet. manus est velocior illis, 
Xondnm lingua suum, dextra peregit opus. 
Remarks: §39. The scholar should now be required to write 
after dictation, commencing at the rate of 15 words per minute and 
gradually increasing in rapidity. 

§ 40. For a complete theory of the system, and for further abbrev- 
tions and other information, see 

G. Michaelis* Xew System of English Stenography, or 
Shorthand, on the Principles of ^V. Stolze. Tridmer, Lon- 
don. Fr. Lobeck, Berlin. 1863. 



READING EXERCISES. 



1. Select Sentences. 

Be fit to live, that you may be fit to die. Do that which is right, love that 
which is just and true. There is a time to speak and there is a time to act. 
To be of use ought to be the end and aim of our lives. That which you 
have to do, do with all your might. If you would have your business done, 
attend to it yourself. Yv T e have no right to teach that which we do not be- 
lieve. It is much better to do well than to say well. The more a man does, 
the more he is able to do. We have nought to fear in this life but sin and 
sloth. There is no music like the voice of those we love. The more we 
hate our evil thoughts, the less they are ours. 

2. Letter written by the Earl of Chatham to his Nephew Thomas 

Pitt 

Bath, Oct. 12, 1751. 
My Dear Nephew : As I have been moving about from place to place, 
your letter reached me here, at Bath, but very lately, after making a consid- 
erable circuit to find me. I should have otherwise, my dear child, returned 
you thanks for the very great pleasure you have given me, long before now. 
The very good account you give me of your studies, and that delivered in 
very good Latin, for your time, has filled me with the highest expectation of 
your future improvements. I see the foundation so well laid, that I do not 
make the least doubt but you will become a perfect good scholar, and have the 
pleasure and applause that will attend the several advantages hereafter, in 
the future course of your life, that you can only acquire now by your emu- 
lation and noble labors in the pursuit of learning, and of every acquirement 
that is to make you superior to other gentlemen. I rejoice to hear that you 
have begun Homer's Iliad ; and have made so great a progress in Virgil. I 
hope you taste and love those authors particularly. You cannot read them 
too much. Go on, my dear nephew, and drink as deep as you can of these 
divine springs. I am, with the greatest affection, my dear child, your lov- 
ing uncle. 

3. Advantages of Shorthand. By Gawtress. 

Shorthand is capable of imparting so many advantages in almost every 
situation of life, and is of such extensive utility to society, that it is justly a 
matter of surprise that it has not attracted a greater share of attention, and 



un: 



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21 

been more generally practised. In England, at least, this art may be consid- 
ered a national blessing, and thousands who look with the utmost indiffer- 
ence upon it, are daily reaping the fruits of its cultivation. It is scarcely 
necessary to mention how indispensable it is in taking minutes of public 
proceedings. If all the feelings of a patriot glow in our bosoms on a peru- 
sal of those eloquent speeches which are delivered in the Senate, or in those 
public assemblies where the people are frequently convened to exercise the 
birthright of Britons: we owe it to shorthand. If new fervor be added to 
our devotion, and an additional stimulus be imparted to our exertions as 
Christians, by the eloquent appeals and encouraging statements made at the 
anniversaries of our various religious Societies : we owe it to shorthand. If 
we have an opportunity, in interesting judicial cases, of examining the evi- 
dence, and learning the proceedings, with as much certainty, and nearly as 
much minuteness, as if we had been present on the occasion : we owe it to 
shorthand. In short, all those brilliant and spirit-stirring effusions which 
the circumstances of the present times combine to draw forth, and which 
the press transmits to us with such astonishing celerity, warm from the lips, 
and instinct with the soul of the speaker, would have been entirely lost to 
posterity, and comparatively little known to ourselves, had it not been for 
the facilities afforded to their preservation by shorthand. Were the opera- 
tions of those who are professionally engaged in exercising this art, to be 
suspended but for a single week, a blank would be left in the political and 
judicial history of our country; an impulse would be wanting to the public 
mind, and the nation would be taught to feel and acknowledge the import- 
ant purposes it answers in the great business of life. 

4. /Speech on Parliamentary Reform by Lord JBroagham. 

We stand in a truly critical position. If we reject the Bill, through fear 
of being thought intimidated, we may lead the life of retirement and quiet, 
but the hearts of the millions of our fellow-citizens are gone for ever ; their 
affections are estranged; we and our order and its privileges are the objects 
of the people's hatred, as the only obstacles which stand between them and 
the gratification of their most passionate desire. The whole body of the 
Aristocracy must expect to share this fate, and be exposed to feelings such 
as these. For I hear it constantly said, that the Bill is rejected by all the 
Aristocracy. I broadly deny this silly, thoughtless assertion. What ! My 
Lords, the Aristocracy set themselves in a mass against the people: they 
who sprang from the people, are inseparably connected with the people, are 
supported by the people, are the natural chiefs of the people ? They set 
themselves against the people, for whom Feers are ennobled, Bishops conse- 
crated, Kings anointed : the people, to serve whom Parliament itself has an 
existence, and the Monarchy and all its institutions are constituted, and 
without whom none of them could exist for an hour? The assertion of un- 
reflecting men is too monstrous to be endured. As a Member of this House, 
I deny it with indignation. I repel it with scorn, as a calumny upon us all. 
And yet are there those who even within these walls speak of the Bill aug- 



2'2 

meriting so much the strength of the democracy as to endanger 'the other 
orders of the State: and so they charge its authors with promoting an- 
archy and rapine. Why, my Lords, have its authors nothing to fear from 
democratic spoliation ? The fact is, that there are members of the present 
Cabinet, who possess, one or two of them alone, far more property than 
any two administrations within my recollection ■ and all of them have ample 
wealth. - I need hardly say, I include not myself, who have little or none. 
But even of myself I will say, that whatever I have depends on the stability 
of existing institutions ; and it is as dear to me as the princely possessions 
of any amongst you. Permit me to say, that, in becoming a Member of 
your House, I staked my all on the aristocratic institutions of the State. I 
abandoned certain wealth, a large income, and much real power in the State 
for an office of great trouble, heavy responsibility, and very uncertain dura- 
tion. I say, I gave up substantial power for the shadow of it, and for dis- 
tinction depending upon accident. I quitted the elevated station of Repre- 
sentative for Yorkshire, and a leading Member of the Commons. I de- 
scended from a position quite lofty enough to gratify any man's ambition ; 
and my lot became bound up in the stability of this House. Then, have I 
not a right to throw myself on your justice, and to desire that you will not 
put in jeopardy all I have now left? 

A noble friend of mine has had the curiosity to examine the list of Peers 
opposing and supporting it, with respect to the dates of their creation, and 
the result is somewhat remarkable. A large majority of the Peers, created 
before Mr. Pitt's time, are for the Bill ; the bulk of those against it are of 
recent creation ; and if you divide the whole into two classes, those enno- 
bled before the reign of George III. and those since, of the former 56 are 
friends, and only 21 enemies of the Reform. So much for the vain and 
saucy boast, that the real nobility of the country are against Reform. I 
have dwelt upon this matter more than its intrinsic importance deserves, 
only through my desire to set right the fact, and to vindicate the ancient 
Aristocracy from a most groundless imputation. My Lords, I do not" dis- 
guise the intense solicitude which I feel for the event of this debate, because 
I know full well that the peace of the country is j involved in the issue. I 
cannot look without dismay at the rejection of the measure. But griev- 
ous as may be the consequences of a temporary defeat : temporary it can 
only be ; for its ultimate, and even speedy success is certain. Nothing can 
now stop it, Do not suffer yourselves to be persuaded, that even if the 
present Ministers were driven from the helm, any one could steer you 
through the troubles which surround you, without Reform. But our suc- 
cessors would take up the task in circumstances far less auspicious. Under 
them, you would be fain to grant a Bill, compared with which, the one we 
now prof er you is moderate indeed. Hear the parable of the Sybil; for it 
conveys a wise and wholesome moral. She now appears at your gate, and 
offers you mildly the precious volumes of wisdom and peace. The price 
she asks is reasonable: to restore the franchise, which, without any bargain, 
you ought voluntarily to give ; you refuse her terms, her moderate terms : 









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23 

she darkens the porch no longer. But soon, for you cannot do without her 
wares, you call her back, Again she conies, but with diminished treasures; 
the leaves of the book are in part torn away by lawless hands, in part de- 
faced with characters of blood. But the prophetic maid has risen in her 
demands : it is Parliaments by the Year, it is Vote by the Ballot, it is Suf- 
frage by the Million ! From this you turn away indignant, and for the sec- 
ond time she departs. Beware of her third coming; for the treasure you 
must have; and what price she may next demand, who shall tell? It may 
even be the mace which rests upon that woolsack. What may follow your 
course of obstinacy, if persisted in, I cannot take upon me to predict, nor do 
I wish to conjecture. But this I know full well, that, as sure as man is 
mortal, and to err is human, justice deferred, enhances the price at which 
you must purchase safety and peace ; nor can you expect to gather in another 
crop than they did who went before you, if you persevere in their utterly 
abominable husbandry, of sowing injustice and reaping rebellion. 

But among the awful considerations that now bow down my mind, there 
is one which stands pre-eminent above the rest. -You are the highest judica- 
ture in the realm; 3 r ou sit here as judges, and decide all causes, civil and 
criminal, without appeal. It is a judge's first duty never to pronounce sen- 
tence, in the most trifling case, without hearing. Will you make this the 
exception? Are you really prepared to determine, but not to hear, the 
mighty cause upon which a nation's hopes and fears hang? You are. Then 
beware of your decision! Rouse not, I beseech you. a peace-loving, but a 
resolute people ; alienate not from your body the affections of a whole em- 
pire. As your friend, as the friend of order, as the friend of my country, as 
the faithful servant of my Sovereign, I counsel you to assist with your 
uttermost efforts in preserving the peace, and upholding and perpetuating 
the Constitution. Therefore, I pray you and I exhort you not to reject this 
measure. By all you hold most dear, by all the ties that bind every one of 
us to our common order and our common country, I solemnly adjure you, I 
warn you, I implore you, y«a, on my bended knees, I supplicate you: reject 
not this Bill ! 



24 

WRITING EXERCISES. 

I. 

Consonants : b, p, d, t, f, v, m, r, 1. 
i did, pip, lid, fib, rim, till. 
e mere, leap, real, deal, meat. 
e met, fell, pet, tell. 
I mile, lime, mite, pipe, ride. 

Mixed: pill, ream, right, leaf, time, - mill, peep, led, might, bell. 
Word /Signs: the, is, in. 

Sentences: The pit is deep. Teal is dear. The beef is red. 
Is light in the pipe? File the bill. 

II. 

Consonants: k, g, 1ST, n, S, s. 

a, cab, pad, fat, vat, rat, car, tar. 

a male, cane, nail, sail, lane. 

o rock, mock, cop, come, knot. 

o vote, road, roar, foam. 

y pym. u: mule, feud, mute, nude. 

Mixed: sad, mad, made, sole, lewd, knock, fail, load. 

Word Signs : did, you, your, and, I. 

Sentences.: Give the cat the rare meat. Did you keep the seat 
and time your man ? Did you leave the tar in the pan ? I leave 
you the big mule. 

III. 

• 

Consonants : w, wh, h, st. 

u. sun, fun, dull, nut, (full, book, hook), oo food, pool, boone, 
move, rude, rule, tomb. 

an taught, dawn, talk, shawl, (hall, call). on rout, mouse, 
gown, foul, oi coin, loin, coil. 

Mixed: hack, hair, howl, gap, stem, seem, siii, stile, peel, feed, 
vain, name, void, mule, town. 

Word Signs : it, his, this. 

Sentences : Did you find the hook ? Paul bought the cat and the 
dog. Did you sell your soap and give the man his bill ? He fed 
the hen and the pig. It is dim in this den. Give the man his hat 
and this cap. This is the best time in your life. 



25 

IV. 

Consonants : y, x, c, z, ng, nk, nd, nt. yell, yean, yoke ; wax, 
tax, sex ; mace, niece, cell; zink, gaze, blaze ; bang, long, king; 
mink, pink, sink ; band, sand, wind ; lent, rent, pint. 

Final t: write, let, hat, lit, meat, wheat. 

Initial and Final th : thank, theme, thole, thick ; faith, wreath, 
bath, both, weather, feather. 

Mixed: yawn, rex, fox, mend, lent, kind, rex, lace, zest, ceil, 
pace, zein, send, right, kite, loathe. 

Word Signs : for, of, that, (their), there. 

Sentences: Fix this light for the hall of your house. Your fa- 
ther and your mother like you and your brother. This cake is 
fine. This is bad weather for this time of the year. There is the 
bill for that man. 

V. 

Consonants : sh, j and g, ch, mb, mp, ng, nch, nc, qu, ph, ch, 
ct, xt. 

sh sheep, shear, rash ; j and g jar, juice, gibe, gauge, gill ; ch 
cheap, cheese, reach ; mb zamb, lumber ; mp lamp, damp, ng 
range, tinge, venge. nch, bench, wrench, finch, nc mince, fence. 
qu quench, queen, quick ; ph phil, phease; c/t, Bach; ct tact, pact; 
xt text. 

Mixed: jump, chair, stamp, pinch, quote, phiz, jim, chase, 
mange, cage, change, stench, chance, rage, gong, gall. 

Word Signs: our, with, on. 

Sentences : Light the lamp and look for our man Lamb. He took 
the change and went home with the next train. This is the best 
gin. Fill this jar with wine and place it on the bench. 

VI. 

small, skin, slap, prism, snap, swim, twine, froth, flour, price, 
smash, sphene, speed, spoil, scene, shrinej shroud, glance, sprinkle. 

Word Sig?is : some, very, has, not, into. 

Sentences: Give Fred some bread. This man is very shrewd. 
That blast burst the rock. There is your drink. Life is short. 
Give him the wax candle. It is better you carve the meat, 



26 

Drink Rhine wine for your health. Did you klick that glass and 
that slate ? Plant this furze into this pot. Our friend Bero- has 
the finest park. This helm is from your brother Marx. 

VTI. 

Final Vowels: e she, lee, "be, see, tree, u Gnu, flue, view. 7 
fly, tie, sigh, pie, buy. a flay, tray, say. 6 fro, flow, snow, crow. 
oo woo, two. ah tah, pa, ma. au maw, flaw, yaw, claw, oi hoy, 
toy, troy, cloy, ou wow, vow, cow. 

Mixed: bee, bay, paw, high, bough, dray, go, straw, glee, grow, 
shoe, sly, sky. 

Word Signs: Full; here, where. 

Sentences : How do you do, my dear sir ? This horse has his 
jaw full of hay. Cain slew his brother. Pray to God to bring 
you home safe. Please let me know where I can go. 

VIII. 

Initial Vowels. — lb, irk, ox, age, ooze, uncle, ear, ash, ark, 
idle, ace, elm, east, itch, oaf, apt, oat, arm, end, ale, old, elk, orb, 
ire, awl, ought, owe, aye. 

Word Signs: never, all, will, him at, us. 

I owe God a death. He is ice cold. I never err. Look at that 
idle lad. Do you know my old aunt ? She owns this house. I do 
not like that you use my pen all the time. Let us eat an oyster 
stew. He swore a false oath at the court to-day. My uncle is an 
usher, and a very honest and humble man. Ill got, ill spent. 
The ship is off Blue Point. Give him an inch and he will take an 
ell. 

IX. 

Secondary syllables : Polo, comma, alpha, drama, echo, window, 
bureau. 

i fakir, satyr, zephyr. e writer, robber, letter. t empire, 
archive, polite. a Jalap, harass, german. a phosphate, separate, 
prostrate. ie soldier, carrier. ia familiar, caviar. id amiable, 
mediate. 



27 

Word Signs : after, they, had, some, be. 

Sentences: Is this bonnet made of linen? William and his 
comrade left the palace after they had read the fatal paper. He 
sent me some muslin from Berlin. All the soldiers will be shipped 
to the orient. Our madam brought a basket of champagne. Our 
cousin is at Amiens. In that bureau drawer you will find some 
papers. We pass our time with polo. The ladies with croquet. 

X. 

o pardon, liquor, u (oo) sulphur, rupture, u deluge, latitude, 
amateur. 

buffoon, bamboozle, heroine, severe, sincere. 

real, Leopold, triumph, trial, fortune, patience, gracious, mutual. 

Word Signs : are, more, cannot, these. 

Sentences: When the fox cannot reach the grapes, he says they 
are not ripe. When the wine is in the wit is out. There are more 
flies caught with sugar than vinegar. No liquor sold on these 
premises after to-morrow. Feodore has brought this vase from 
China. Doctor Condi is the picture of health. 

XL 

funny, pretty, lady, plenty, questioner, partition, writing, pity- 
ing, airily, heavenly, moment, ferment, segment, wiseness, great- 
ness, priesthood, manhood, worthless, endless, fivefold, tiresome, 
quarrelsome, friendship, freedom, wisdom ; thinks, fears, fearest, 
leave, leaves, leavest, gained, reached. 

Word Signs: him, whom, than, then. 

Sentences: Harry went into the army. Heavenly father look 
down on us poor sinners. We made a fruitless search after him all 
day. Thank Him from whom all blessing comes. He made a mo- 
tion to give the thanks of the nation, to the brave soldier and 
statesman. It is better to sit with a wise man in prison, than with 
a fool in paradise. He gave us then all he had. 

XII. 

Prefixes: arrest, allot, assault, avoid, afoot, ahead, afteract, af- 
ternoon ; abjure, abscond; admit, betray, become, conflict, con- 



28 

duce, correct, command, collusion ; controverse, contraband, de- 
duct, deliver, disfigure, divert, divide, escape, espouse, enjoin, en- 
cage, embrace, employ, explain, exclude, forbid, forefinger, insist, 
impolite, illoyal, midship, mislaid, misprint, obtain, occupy, obey, 
opposition, outdone, overdone. 

Word Signs : every, everybody, be, was, were, most. 

Sentences: Insects of every description are invading this State to 
a great extent, the effect of this will be felt by everybody. All 
accounts agree that they were betrayed in a most shameful manner. 
Vows made in storms are forgotten in calms. It was midnight 
when the strikers placed these obstructions on the road. It is very 
improper for you to speak, when the teacher gives instructions. 

XIII. 

perform, permit, prepare, preside, produce, prolong, report, re- 
lax, secede, select, supply, sufficient, surround, sublet, unfair, 
union, unicorn, undergo, uplift, withdraw ; insufficient, subse- 
quence, indispensable, misconstruction, disconnect. 

Word Signs : them, self, selves, what. 

Sentences: A preconcerted action will enable them to take this 
fort by storm. Prepare yourself to die, for we do not know what 
the next day might bring forward. This uniformed band of ruffians, 
they call a target company, and you are uninformed not to know, 
that they are the scum of our city. Great designs require great 
consideration. Comprehend that we are doing our best to sustain 
you in your noble work, but in sufficient time you will know that 
your means are insufficient. 

XIY. 

Word Signs : at last, as, must, ever, nothing. East-river, high- 
bridge, music-hall, beer-garden, bird-cage, stenographer, geography. 

Sentences : My music-teacher is the leader of the finest orchestra 
in this city, and everybody acknowledges the fact. At last my photo- 
graphs have arrived. Blind are their eyes, their ears are deaf , 

nor hear, when mortals pray; Mortals that wait for their relief, 
are blind and deaf as they. What is bred in the bone will never 
come out of the flesh. He received his punishment in good humor. 
This is the most unreliable person I ever had, I must be more strict 
with him in the future. Nothing is more provoking than to be 
disappointed. 



29 

XV. 

Do it and obey, or you will be punished. Were it not for these, 
a man would be happy and would have everything. Did you ever 
go home late? As to himself and his friend, whose name I do not 
know, he has no luck. He thinks himself above everybody. "Will 
a pint make a pitcher all full ? You shall also go alone, as he has 
gone already. Among other persons I saw him amid a crowd. 
The other fire poker is either under or. over the stove. Between 
now and then, one might have been far better off than here. I 
was three weeks ago in the place from whence you come, but 
never since. He gave us some of this and sundry other kind of 
wine. I have too much such stuff. It is not fair, that you never 
wrote to me for a number of days, nor came to see me. Well, 
where was you while I studied. What will we do with the bird 
we caught ? Thou art very bad. He is perhaps behind that 
house. The book is on the table. I gave them to him, whom I 
found at home. It is not that we wanted his pears and those ap- 
ples for ourselves. The French had enough of the second empire. 
Yesterday I was living yet at a house, beyond yonder hill, which 
you say is your uncle's. I had been at a ball. However it might 
be, I gave her here a hundred dollars. Thus far the thing was 
very fine, but that they left us, disturbed the party. A friend 
said to me: Come along and listen to the sermon, the preacher 
will discuss the atonement question at length. At first I was un- 
willing to go, but at last he persuaded me. The sermon was dull, 
but at least I killed my time by listening to it. 



Remarks on the English Sounds. 

(Compare the "Principles of Pronunciation " in Webster's Dictionary of the 
English Language.) 

Towels. 

§ 1. The vowel sounds of the English language are, according 
to the best orthoepists, Walker, Ellis, Smart, Webster, Pitman, 
etc., arranged to their pitch, descending from the highest to the 
lowest, the following, 

Long Vowels : e (eve), a (ale), a (care), ah (last), ah (far), au 
(fall), o (old), oo (fool). 



30 

Short Vowels : i (ill), e (end), e (term), a (add), ah (ask), o (not), 
u (i^s), u (furl), 66 (foot). 

Dipthongs : u (use), i (/oe), oi (o*7), ou (out). 

§ 2. These sounds, however, are often represented by other 
characters or combinations than those given above, as the follow- 
ing table will show. 

Long Vowels. 
e : pique, field, mete, leisure, hey, . beard, people, Cwsar, quay, 

Phoenix, 
a : eh, veil, lohey, break, ale, pain, day, goal, gauge. 
— : there, their, bear, care, air, prayer. 
ah : hearth, are, father, haunt. 
au : all, talk, haul, awe, fork, broad, bought, 
6 : beau, yeomen, sew, hautboy, sole, roam, door, soul, owe. 
oo : drew, to, poor, group, rude, recruit. 

Short Vowels. 
i : pin, hymn, sieve, English, been, forfeit, monkey, tortoise, 

women, busy. 
e: friend, men, heifer, head, leopard, any, aphaeresis, said, says, 

asafoetida, bury. 
a: add, plaid. 

ah: ask, grass, dance, branch, 
o: what, not, knowledge, earn • cough. 

u: dove, young, food, hut. — : bird, myrtle, worm, yourney, cur. 
66: wolf foot, should, full. 

Diphthongs. 

u: lieu, vieio, beauty, feod, feud, few, fume, juice. 
I: fine, by, height, eye, aisle, aye, choir, buy. 
oi: oil, boy. — ou: hound, how. 

§ 3. All vowel sounds are derived from the primitive ones: ah^ 
e^ OO. Between ah and e lies a^ between all and OO lie au and 
0. — To those correspond the short vowel sounds: a, i, 66, e, 6. 

§ 4. The sounds a and o are, according to the observations of 
Webster and some other orthoepists, in most cases diphthongal, 
having a slight vanish in e and oo, annexed to its radical or initial 
sound, as in rain, soul, where the i and u may be regarded as 
representing the vanish. 



31 

It is very common in some parts of the United States to pro- 
nounce words having the long o-sound, as whole, bolt, most, only, 
with the true short sound of o, by dropping the vanishing element 
which belongs to the vowel, and giving to the radical portion a 
somewhat more open quality, but this practice is not generally 
recognized and opposed to English usage. 

£ 5. The sound ah occurs in monosyllables before If, hn, in au, 
before nt, and is in these situations often pronounced a ; also 
before r. 

The sound all occurs in certain (chiefly monosyllabic) words 
ending in ff^ ft, ss, st,,sk, sp, with a few in nee and nt. In England 
is often pronounced ak^ in the United States a. 

§ 6. The broad sound au occurs chiefly in monosyllables before 
It) exc. shall), Id, Ik, Ise, It, and after a w-sound (w, sw, vj/i, qu, 
squ) . 

§ 1. The sound of a in what, nearly identical with that of o in 
not, occurs chiefly in monosyllables after a ic-sound. 

§ 8. There is an intermediate sound of au heard in salt, etc., 
which lies between that in awe and that in what. The vowel sound 
in gone, cotigh, trough, off, and in some words ending in ss, st, th,&n 
in cross, cost, broth, lies between o and au. 

§ 9. Short 00 besides the words would, should, could, occurs only 
in the two following series of very few words: 

(1.) full, hull, pull, pulpit, puss, bush, push, cushion, pud- 
ding, put, butcher, sugar. 
(2.) wolf, woman, wood, stood, good, hood, foot, book, etc. 

Words of the first class have no corresponding in u, those of 
the second class none in 00. 

§ 10. The vowels in care, her, cur are only heard before r. 
When a is followed by r in the same syllable, it takes the sound 
heard in care (except in are) ; e or ei has this sound in heir, their, 
there, where, ere, e'er, ne'er. 

The sounds of a in arm, e in verge, i infirm, y in myrtle, o in 
order, u in urge, occur in monosyllables and in accented syllables 
before r final or r followed by another consonant, and in deriva- 
tions from these words, but when followed by a vowel or an- 
other r in words not derivative, i, e, a, o, u have their regular short 
sound. 



32 



§11. The diphthongs u^ i, oi> OU are composed as follows: u of 
i-oo, i of dhe, oi of o-i, oil of dh-oo, or o-oo. i and e" before other 
vowels usually become y. 

§ 12. When u begins a syllable or is preceded by one of the 
labial or palatal consonants (m, v, f b, p, g, k), it is clearly pro- 
nounced yoo, as in the words usage, mule, futile, burin, puny, yules, 
cube. When it is preceded, in the same syllable, by a dental con- 
sonant, n,z, s, th, d, t, or I, it is difficult to introduce the consonant 
y, and it becomes a very brief sound of e or i; when preceded by r, 
the y-sound is entirely dropped, and u is pronounced like oo. 

§ 13. The diphthongal sound i occurs in pint, child, wild, mild, 
and in monosyllables ending with ?id, as find, bind, except wind. 

§ 14. In unaccented syllables the vowels are usually short and 
often not distinguishable from ti; when long, their sound is 
usually somewhat shortened, as in gesture, fortune. 



Consonants. 

§ 15. The consonants of the English language may be classified 
according to the following table : 





Liqi 
Trills 


lids 

Nasals 


Fric£ 
voiced 


itives 
whispered 


Explc 

voiced 


dents 
whispered 


Labials 




m 


w, wh 

V 


f (ph) 


b 


P 


Dentals 


r 


n 


dh 
z 


th 

s(c) 


d 


t 


Palatals 


1 
r 


ng 


zh 

y 


sh 


j (dzh) 
g 


cli (tsh) 
k 


Laryngal 








h 







38 

§ 16. The consonants are partly soft or voiced, that is to say, 
accompanied by a vibration of the vocal ligaments ; partly sharp 
or whispered, that is to say, not accompanied by a vibration of 
the vocal ligaments. The liquids r, I, m^ 11^ llg are voiced. 

§ 17. r is dental or trilled when not preceded by a vowel, as 
in ream, dream, prompt, or when between two vowels, the first of 
which is short, as in very, barren, r is palatal or smooth, when 
final or before a consonant, as in far, form. When following a 
long vowel, as in mere, ire, fare, ore, poor, cure, r has a compound 
sound, viz. : an obscure vowel sound resembling that of ti in urge, 
and a palatal r, thus slightly modifying the vowels preceding it ; 
fare, mere, ire, etc., are pronounced nearly like fa-wr, me-ur, i-ur. 

When r stands between two vowels, the first of which is long 
and accented, it represents in English both the palatal and the 
dental sound, as in hero, iris, pronounced her-o, ir-ris. In the 
United States this double power of r is chiefly restricted to the 
derivations of words ending in r, preceded by a long vowel, as in 
poorer (poor-rer) from poor, airy (ar-ry) from air ; but he-ro, 
i-ris, because these words are not derived from any other words 
in the language. 

§ 18. ll before c, h, q or x is usually sounded as ng in sing, 
singly. In words ending in ng and their derivatives the g is not 
separately pronounced, except longer, longest, stronger, strongest, 
younger, youngest, diphthongal, triphthongal, which are pronounced 
long-ger, long-gest, etc. — In words as danger, stranger, n has its 
ordinary sound. 

§ 19. wh is only a corruption from hw. 

§ 20. f has the power of v in the single word of 

ph occurs in words of Greek derivation and has the sound of f 
In nephew and Stephen it has the sound of v, naphtha is usually 
pronounced naptha. 

21. th has its soft sound in the, thine, then, with, etc., and be- 
tween two vowels in words purely English, as wither, mother, 
leather, breathe, clothe, etc., also in the plurals of the words oath, 
wreath, lath, mouth, bath, path, cloth, til has the sound of t in 
thyme, phthisis, asthma, isthmus, Thomas, Thames. 

§ 22. s has its sharp sound at the beginning of words and at 
the end of monosyllables, as soon, sing, gas, yes, this ; but the soft 
sound in as, was, has, his. Between vowels it is mostly soft, 



34 

as in ease, easy, c has the sound of z in sacrifice, sice, 
suffice, discern. 

§ 23. When ce, ci, sci, se, si (also si implied in xi) or ti 
before an unaccented vowel are immediately preceded by an ac- 
cented syllable, they sound like sh, as in ocean, social, conscience, 
nauseous, mansion, passion, noxious, potion. But when the fol- 
lowing vowel takes an accent, or the syllable is ate, the consonant 
alone has the sound sh, as in oceanic, associate, nauseate, conscien- 
tious, vitiate. Except when si (also zi) is preceded by a vowel, it 
is sounded like zh, as in fusion, adhesion, revision, occasion, 
brazier. 

§ 24. When (I or t before an unaccented u are preceded by 
an accented syllable, as in verdure, nature, or when tia, tio are 
preceded by s or x in an unaccented syllable, as in Christian, ques- 
tion, mixtion, they are pronounced verdyoor, ndtyoor, krisiyun, 
hwestyun, or verjoor, nachoor, hrischun, hweschun, ?nikschun ; also 
righteous, =r!tyus or r'tchus. 

§ 25. In y=dzh and vh=tsh the two elements are so closely 
blended in pronunciation, that they have the effect of only a simple 
sound or beat upon the ear. 

§ 26. g has its simple explosive sound before a (except gaol), 
o, u, h, r, I, as in gate, gore, gun, ghostly, grain, glad ; before e, i, 
y, in words from the Anglo-Saxon, and in a very few from the 
Greek, as in get, give, etc., and always at the end of words and in 
the derivatives of such words, as in crag, drug, fog, cragged, 
druggist, foggy. In words of Latin or Greek origin, g before e, i, 
y, has usually the sound of j. In a few words from the French, 
g retains the sound of zh, which it has before e and i in that lan- 
guage, as in rogue, mirage. 

§ 27. ch is pronounced like Jc in ache, and in words from the 
ancient languages, as chemist, chorous, chlorine, chrism, epoch, 
distich (except cherub, charity); like sh in French words, as chaise, 
machine. The prefix arch is usually pronounced artsh, as in arch- 
bishop, archfiend ; ark in archangel, and in some few words from 
foreign languages, as architecture, architrave. 

§ 28. qu has usually the sound of Jew / in a few words derived 
from the French, it is sounded like h, as in coquette, antique. 

§ 29. x is sounded like ks, whenever the vowel preceding it 
has the accent ; it is usually pronounced gz before an accented 



35 

vowel, as in examjyle, examine. At the beginning of words, x has 
the sound of z, as in xanthic. 

§ 30. Silent are mostly : 1 between a and m, v, f, k, between 
o and h, between ou and d. — m in ran initial. — n in In, ran final. — 
win wr y in toward, answer, sword, two, who, whore, whole, whoop. 
— pll inphth initial. — b in mb and bt final; in bdellium. — p in pn, 
ps, pt initial ; in receipt, corps, cupboard (indistinct in nipt, mps). 
— Z in rendezvous. — s in aisle, isle, island, puisne, viscount, and at the 
end of French words. — d in Wednesday, handsome, handkerchief. 
— t in -ften, -sten, -stle; in chestnut, Christmas, hostler, mistletoe, 
mortgage. — g in gm, gn final, an gn initial. — gli after i and gen- 
erally before t (except draught, laughter)— -k in Ten initial. — c in 
scale final; in czar, victuals, to indict. — ch in drachm, schism, yacht. 
— ll in rh y in heir (herb), honest, honor, hour, hostler. 

§ 31. Assimilation. When a whispered and a voiced consonant 
come together in the same syllable, the sound of the second con- 
sonant is assimilated to that of the first. There are four inflec- 
tional terminations which come under this rule: 1. s in possessive 
forms, as maid's; 2. s in plurals, as tubs. 3. s in the third person 
singular of verbs, as loads. 4. ed in preterits and participles, as 
dashed, (dasht). In dth there is no assimilation, and after r, I, m, 
n, ng whispered consonants can be distinctly pronounced. 






SHORTHAND MADE EASY 



A SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM 

t 
or 

ENGLISH STENOGRAPHY 

ON THE PRINCIPLES OF W. STOLZE, 

BY PKOF, G. MICHAELIS. 

Revised and Adapted for Use in Scnools and 
Self-instruction, 

WITH SIXTEEN ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES, 

BY 

S. KAUFMANN.— F. BUEHLER. 



gDefo gork: 



John Polhemus, 102 Nassau Street, cok. Ann. - 

*■'*■ . .:»■ 

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